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Schloss , Melissa Junior , Rebecca Alvania , Cesar A. Arias , Andreas Baumler , Arturo Casadevall , Corrella Detweiler , Harold Drake , Jack Gilbert , Michael J. Imperiale , Susan Lovett , Stanley Maloy , Alexander J. McAdam , Irene L. G. Newton , Michael J. Sadowsky , Rozanne M. Sandri-Goldin , Thomas J. Silhavy , Peter Tontonoz , Jo-Anne H. Young , Craig E. Cameron , Isaac Cann , A. Oveta Fuller , Ariangela J. Kozik Spotlight Free Spotlight Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue Minireviews Minireview Antibodies and Protection in Systemic Salmonella Infections: Do We Still Have More Questions than Answers? Salmonella causes grave systemic infections in humans and other animals and provides a paradigm for other diseases in which the bacteria have both intracellular and extracellular lifestyles. New generations of vaccines rely on the essential contribution of the antibody responses for their protection. The quality, antigen specificity, and functions associated with... Pietro Mastroeni , Omar Rossi Minireview | Spotlight The Great ESKAPE: Exploring the Crossroads of Bile and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens Throughout the course of infection, many pathogens encounter bactericidal conditions that threaten the viability of the bacteria and impede the establishment of infection. Bile is one of the most innately bactericidal compounds present in humans, functioning to reduce the bacterial burden in the gastrointestinal tract while also aiding in digestion. It is becoming increasingly apparent that pathogens successfully resist the bactericidal... Kevin S. Gipson , Kourtney P. Nickerson , Eliana Drenkard , Alejandro Llanos-Chea , Snaha Krishna Dogiparthi , Bernard B. Lanter , Rhianna M. Hibbler , Lael M. Yonker , Bryan P. Hurley , Christina S. Faherty Molecular Pathogenesis Molecular Pathogenesis Rab5a Promotes Cytolethal Distending Toxin B-Induced Cytotoxicity and Inflammation The cytolethal distending toxin B subunit (CdtB) induces significant cytotoxicity and inflammation in many cell types that are involved in the pathogenesis of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study tested the potential role of Rab small GTPase 5a (Rab5a) in the process. We tested mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β] and... Ming-xian Chen , Yu Chen , Rui Fu , Guo-qun Mao , Sai-yue Liu , Tang-biao Shen Open Access Molecular Pathogenesis Diffusible Signal Factors Act through AraC-Type Transcriptional Regulators as Chemical Cues To Repress Virulence of Enteric Pathogens Successful colonization by enteric pathogens is contingent upon effective interactions with the host and the resident microbiota. These pathogens thus respond to and integrate myriad signals to control virulence. Long-chain fatty acids repress the virulence of the important enteric pathogens Salmonella enterica and... Erick Maosa Bosire , Colleen R. Eade , Carl J. Schiltz , Amanda J. Reid , Jerry Troutman , Joshua S. Chappie , Craig Altier Molecular Pathogenesis | Spotlight Genome-Wide Mutagenesis Identifies Factors Involved in Enterococcus faecalis Vaginal Adherence and Persistence Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium native to the gastrointestinal tract and an opportunistic pathogen of increasing clinical concern. E. faecalis also colonizes the female reproductive tract, and reports suggest vaginal colonization increases following antibiotic treatment... Norhan Alhajjar , Anushila Chatterjee , Brady L. Spencer , Lindsey R. Burcham , Julia L. E. Willett , Gary M. Dunny , Breck A. Duerkop , Kelly S. Doran Molecular Pathogenesis Generation and Characterization of Typhoid Toxin-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies Typhoid toxin is a virulence factor of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, and is thought to be responsible for the symptoms of severe disease. This toxin has a unique A2B5 architecture with two active subunits, the ADP ribosyl transferase PltA and the DNase CdtB, linked to a pentameric B subunit, which is alternatively made of... Xuyao Jiao , Sarah Smith , Gabrielle Stack , Qi Liang , Allan Bradley , Paul Kellam , Jorge E. Galán Molecular Pathogenesis The Salmonella LysR Family Regulator RipR Activates the SPI-13-Encoded Itaconate Degradation Cluster Itaconate is a dicarboxylic acid that inhibits the isocitrate lyase enzyme of the bacterial glyoxylate shunt. Activated macrophages have been shown to produce itaconate, suggesting that these immune cells may employ this metabolite as a weapon against invading bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that in vitro , itaconate can exhibit bactericidal effects under acidic conditions similar to the pH of a macrophage phagosome. In parallel... Steven J. Hersch , William Wiley Navarre Molecular Pathogenesis Suppression of Chlamydial Pathogenicity by Nonspecific CD8 + T Lymphocytes Chlamydia trachomatis , a leading infectious cause of tubal infertility, induces upper genital tract pathology, such as hydrosalpinx, which can be modeled with Chlamydia muridarum infection in mice. Following C. muridarum ... Lingxiang Xie , Conghui He , Jianlin Chen , Lingli Tang , Zhiguang Zhou , Guangming Zhong Molecular Pathogenesis | Spotlight Phosphotransferase System Uptake and Metabolism of the β-Glucoside Salicin Impact Group A Streptococcal Bloodstream Survival and Soft Tissue Infection Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]), a major human-specific pathogen,...